EMPOWERMENT is a multi-staged process in which womens growing awareness of their inner needs AND wants strengthens their confidence AND ability to implement their goals. This research studies the factors related to womens EMPOWERMENT. The theoretical framework is women’s EMPOWERMENT for PARTICIPATION in development which has been strongly influenced by feminist thought, particularly liberal feminism. A survey was conducted on 380 women between 20 to 25 years of age residing in Isfahan. The research found that higher education level, access to financial resources, better health, legal property rights, eradication of labor market discrimination, AND elimination of traditional beliefs contribute to women’s EMPOWERMENT

The concept of child-friendly environment has been exhaustively discussed urban dialogue AND even realized in many urban settings in developed countries. Yet, neither the theory nor the practice of the concept has reached rural settlements in most developing countries. The diversity of social setting AND cultural paradigms makes the generalization of the current urbanized definition of the concept to rural society somewhat unproductive AND even damaging. The definition of coherence AND attachment in an Iranian family usually spreads a shade of protection over the children, under which the substance of security is justified. As a result, the need for children to take part in the burden of decision-making is often considered irrelevant. However, since the foundations of place attachment is rooted in the active PARTICIPATION in constructing AND shaping of environment, AND because any failing or destruction affects the children first AND foremost, new perspectives on EMPOWERMENT dictates an overall social PARTICIPATION in which children play an active AND crucial role. Children’s right to shape their living environment is explicitly agreed upon among all nations. Furthermore, the two concepts of EMPOWERMENT AND capacity building act as two wings to the soaring concept of development. The definition of EMPOWERMENT would not be whole without the PARTICIPATION of all age groups within a society, AND the prospective nature of capacity building is based upon the PARTICIPATION of the youth AND learning aptitude of children.On the other hAND, PARTICIPATION in rural setting is in itself a vague term in the lexicon of development; it usually adds up to no more than manipulation of the low income in the society, or the hyperactive AND perfectionist demonstrations of the intellectuals. Instances of both these misconceptions of PARTICIPATION can also be found in the practice of child PARTICIPATION throughout the world. Therefore, elucidating the meaning of PARTICIPATION, AND the description of methods of rural PARTICIPATION, along with the study of levels of child PARTICIPATION are in order. For this purpose, the basics of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRR), as a scientific method that draws upon traditional knowledge AND everyday rural life, is a secure starting point to understAND how professionals AND scholars can appreciate AND initiate PARTICIPATION in a rural society. Subsequently, AND based on the general categorization of child PARTICIPATION in Hart’s ladder, a comparison can be made between the capacities of a child in this area AND the prerequisites of rural PARTICIPATION. Not surprisingly, there are evidences to show that self initiated instances of child PARTICIPATION in planning, design, conservation, AND post-disaster reconstruction of rural habitats are parallel AND even richer than adult involvement in many cases. In effect, if a society can encourage AND accept the idea of child-PARTICIPATION, the hope for total realization of participatory development is not far out of reach. The present article aims to clarify the meaning of PARTICIPATION in childhood years.Henceforth, through introducing the Participatory Rural Appraisal, it would analyse the experiences related to child PARTICIPATION with different degrees of involvement AND in different settings.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hAND AND the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review AND evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles AND 5 reports were identified. In the review AND eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method AND 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies AND proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, AND being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically AND socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the EMPOWERMENT of women heads of households were focused on the economic field AND were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments AND did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's EMPOWERMENT, while the EMPOWERMENT of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health AND improve their social AND economic status.

One of the ways to achieve the attitude of societies towards women AND their position among ethnicities is to study the cultural AND religious customs AND traditions among different ethnic groups. One of these ethnicities is the Baluchis. Among the Baloch, women have a special place. Baloch women have always spared no effort in living in harmony with men, AND in this way they are known for their hard work, such as after the revolution, the widespread presence of women in political positions such as governor, district, The mayor, etc. is remarkable. Sistan AND Baluchestan province is one of the provinces that has the most political positions of women in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the EMPOWERMENT AND active PARTICIPATION of Baloch women in economic, political AND social activities in Sistan AND Baluchestan province after the Islamic Revolution by descriptive-survey method. The statistical sample of the study included 210 Baloch women social activists who were selected by simple rANDom sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data AND one-sample t-test AND descriptive analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that the cultural AND educational structure of Sistan AND Baluchestan region has a significant role in the low PARTICIPATION of Baloch women. The cultural AND social structure has the most AND educational barriers have the least role in the PARTICIPATION of Baloch women in social, political AND economic activities.

Introduction: Women EMPOWERMENT is a crucial means of achieving gender equality AND improving living conditions for women. Over the past few decades, many government AND non-governmental organizations around the world, including in Iran, have pursued EMPOWERMENT programs. Kerman City is also implementing such programs. This study explores the motivations AND reasons behind women's PARTICIPATION in these EMPOWERMENT initiatives. Methods: This research adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing the data-based method proposed by Strauss AND Corbin. Participants were selected through purposive AND theoretical sampling, specifically women who had taken part in EMPOWERMENT programs. In total, fifteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. Results: From the data analysis, several categories emerged, including family breakdown, learned hardship, feelings of failure AND loneliness, determination, the necessity of work, empathy AND support for others, AND economic challenges. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the motivations for Kerman women's PARTICIPATION in EMPOWERMENT programs are grounded in the central themes of environmental determinism AND risk-taking. The living conditions AND personal characteristics of the women involved provide a conducive environment for their successful engagement in these EMPOWERMENT initiatives.

Introduction Urban studies thinkers consider citizens' PARTICIPATION as one of the infrastructures for increasing in the capabilities of urban management. In order to citizens' PARTICIPATION to be meaningful AND express the main concept of PARTICIPATION, it must be on a local scale AND then reach the transnational arena. Neighborhoods, as the most fundamental elements of cities, have a special place in shaping AND organizing the affairs of Tehran. With the establishment of the Pahlavi government AND the effort to modernize Iran AND the growth AND increase in the population of cities, the traditional structures of urban life, including neighborhoods, underwent a transformation. The Law of City Associations was approved before the revolution, but it took many years to pay attention to neighborhood life again with the formation AND implementation of the city's Islamic councils in 1998. In recent years, the neighborhood has been defined as the center of concentration AND connection of urban services - people AND municipality - in the smallest structural area of Tehran municipality. This center was chosen in such a way that all the possible capacities of the municipality can be delegated to it, AND at the same time, concrete AND objective PARTICIPATION of the citizens was directed to it in all areas that can be participated in, AND new AND up-to-date functions were defined for it. New social theories consider women's PARTICIPATION in sustainable development processes to be essential, AND since the field of women's activity is traditionally wider in the fields of family AND neighborhood, the local administration has envisioned a special role for women in city affairs AND implemented special programs to improve their quality of life. In an environmental approach, women have the ability to play a greater role as leaders or active participants in smaller communities such as urban neighborhoods. It can be said that women play an essential role in local social cohesion. This type of connection is especially necessary to achieve social planning AND successful management in multicultural societies. Because experience has shown that women pay attention to the dimensions of the needs of all groups in society AND are not limited to the views AND desires of powerful AND effective members of society AND often seek to create bridges over social, cultural AND racial divisions as well as incompatibilities in society. That society will lead to a better life. Research findings Based on this, the current research tries to investigate the effect of local women's PARTICIPATION in the programs of active organizations (Serai Mahlah) on improving their quality of life. Angeh, Homayun Shahr AND Aqdasiye neighborhoods were introduced AND selected as examples by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters because of their active role in this matter. In the current research, a survey method was used with the two goals of description AND explanation. At the level of description, the goal is to provide information on the level of PARTICIPATION of women in the administration of neighborhood affairs, AND at the level of explanation AND analysis, the goal is to find the existence or non-existence of a relationship between independent AND dependent variables. At the same time, it has been used to compile the theoretical foundations AND review previous researches in a documentary (library) way. The statistical population of the research is made up of the women of Tehran's active neighborhoods in the field of PARTICIPATION in the administration of city affairs, AND on this basis, two groups of active AND inactive women were selected from among the women of these neighborhoods AND investigated. In this research, the sample size is 240 tons, which was determined based on Cochran's formula, which is divided into two parts (124 active tons AND 116 inactive tons). In the sampling method, there are two important reasons for choosing the neighborhood center, one is that the manager of the neighborhood is a woman, AND the other is the introduction by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters as the most active centers in the neighborhoods of Tehran, which are Angeh, Homayoun Shahr, AND Aqdasiyeh neighborhoods. Available sampling method was used to select local activists AND rANDom sampling method was used for inactive people. A questionnaire was used to collect information. After verifying its validity AND reliability in the preliminary stages of the research, the questionnaire was used to collect the required data in the final stage. The results obtained from this research show that the existence of the neighborhood management institution shows that the PARTICIPATION of citizens is recognized as a necessity AND need for collective life, AND women are not excluded from this as citizens of the society. Sarai Mahalat is active as one of the sub-institutions of neighborhood management, AND the use of the services provided in it can have a significant impact on improving the quality of life of women in various dimensions, AND the officials are required to provide the necessary conditions to create the necessary infrastructure AND facilities in this regard. On the other hAND, they should create the necessary motivation in women in different ways so that they also become eager to participate in local affairs (various aspects), because compared to men, women devote more time to work inside AND around the house (local area), so they have deeper experiences, knowledge AND insight to build the environment around them. According to Arnstein AND Hannah Arendt, if women can have an active PARTICIPATION in the administration of local affairs AND not just a theatrical PARTICIPATION, they can actualize AND realize their potential talents in various fields. It seems that if the PARTICIPATION of women at the local level has positive results (as the results of this research confirm this), it will lead to this fact that women are encouraged to participate at higher levels of society, which will facilitate the development of the country. Conclusions In the present study, the impact of the use of services provided in Sarai Mahalat on the quality of life of service users was investigated in different dimensions. At first, the presence or absence of a relationship was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which confirmed the existence of a relationship between women's local PARTICIPATION AND the improvement of their quality of life in different dimensions. In the following, the difference between the average scores of the group that used the services AND the group that did not use the services was investigated using the T-test, AND according to the obtained scores, the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. After that, two-dimensional tables were used to clarify the relationship between dependent AND independent variables. The results of these tables show that the intensity of the relationship between local PARTICIPATION with the quality of life AND physical health is greater than the intensity of its relationship with economic EMPOWERMENT.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social AND economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization AND implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges AND causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" AND analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open AND axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional AND management problems, AND the weakness of PARTICIPATION are the four most important AND frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth AND the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density AND lAND use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation AND functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, AND various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions AND components including quality of life, justice, revitalization AND PARTICIPATION. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined AND applied in the vulnerable AND deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War AND passing through policies concentrated on social AND economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the PARTICIPATION of local residents AND the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges AND causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review AND analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges AND obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges AND obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, AND Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, AND 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research AND review papers, case study research, AND the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, AND metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, AND Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, AND evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open AND focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), AND the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, AND a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results AND discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional AND managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of PARTICIPATION (13 codes); 5) Duration AND financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social AND specialized training for citizens AND officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory AND insufficient knowledge of the environment AND residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, AND the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the PARTICIPATION of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing AND implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical AND economic dimensions AND the purely physical view, AND the lack of attention to the social AND cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs AND multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated AND comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens AND informing them. It is also necessary to have the PARTICIPATION of the private sector AND other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public PARTICIPATION in all steps of preparation, implementation AND occupation of projects AND development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation AND implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models AND the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost AND site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region AND city; AND the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans AND other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies AND plans, is low AND the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional AND managerial issues, AND the weakness of PARTICIPATION. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "PARTICIPATION of citizens" even though in the set of laws AND regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, PARTICIPATION, AND cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hAND, the lack of people's PARTICIPATION in the preparation AND implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws AND regulations supporting PARTICIPATION in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian AND Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi AND Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional AND managerial issues, ranked as the third AND fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro AND Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts AND determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.